Given by mouth is the most common route of drug administration, however it also the one with the most complicated pathway to the target tissues. We hypothesized that . Clean injection site with alcohol. Intraperitoneal < 2 -3ml 25 -27 gauge 0.02ml 28 -30 gauge . Pros: Easily administered; preferable to patients; slow-release medications may extend the duration of the effect; medications are formulated to avoid stomach acids and digestive enzymes. This property is most effective in early labor when pain may be getting difficult to cope with, but is not yet as severe as it will become in the later part of labor. Following are some major benefits or advantages of the oral route, Oral administration is cheapest route Large volume of fluids might be injected by this route Diluted irritant might be injected Absorption is not required No first pass effect takes place. Classification. The values of the plasma area under concentration-time curves (AUC) were similar for both administration routes. Absorption is anyway poor with intramuscular injections, especially when you compare with intravenous injections, so wrong choice of site can easily lead to wastage. These advantages include safety, good patient compliance, ease of ingestion, pain avoidance, and versatility to accommodate various types of drugs (Sastry et al., 2000). Titration of dose is possible. The rate . Condition of the patient (unconscious, vomiting, diarrhoea). (4) Suitable for drugs that are not absorbed from GIT, or are Best for emergencies. Dosage forms administered orally include tablets, capsules . 74 . Outline the advantages and disadvantages of intraperitoneal (IP) drug administration (1, 2) Injection into the peritoneal cavity Advantages: 1) local administration of antibiotics for Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) patients . ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION. 4-Patient status: Whether he is conscious or unconscious. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION • The route of administration is determined by: 1. Study Routes Of Drug Administration flashcards from Dexter 102's class online, or in . The lymphatic system is often involved by the disseminating EOC cells as well [25,26,27,28]. . 2. A variety of therapeutic substances can be delivered by . Compared with intravenous (IV) treatment, intraperitoneal (IP) administration permits a several-fold increase in . Routes of Drug Administration. Cons: Unsuitable for those who are experiencing severe vomiting or have difficultyswallowing.Also, because it is absorbed slowly, this route is . The most common route of ovarian cancer spread is within the peritoneal cavity. Administration of a drug that is metabolized by the digestion process of the gastrointestinal tract. The intramuscular route is painful and there may be an abscess at the site of injection, so older and child patients avoid taking . It is an invasive route of drug administration and thus, it can cause fear, pain, tissue damage, and/or infections. The oral route is the most frequently used route of medicines administration and is the most convenient and cost-effective (Dougherty and Lister, 2015). Intrathecal route of drug administration is well established in anesthesia and pain management. The main advantage is that these medications do reduce one's perception of pain, as well as the anxiety that is associated with severe pain. The rationale for administering chemotherapy directly into the peritoneal cavity is supported by preclinical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamics data. Using a rat model, this study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetics and tissue absorption of intraperitoneal versus intravenous oxaliplatin. Emergency/routine use. Injection or infusion of a drug that enters systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. Intraperitoneal injection is widely used in rodents as a route of drug administration. Intraocular. Drug administration by these routes is irreversible and poses more risks than the other routes 2. 5. Bioavailability is 100%. By swallowing. Oral administration (PO), ingestion of a drug by mouth and into the gastrointestinal tract, is one way by which a drug can be taken.PO stands for per os, or by mouth.. Understanding of how the drug benefits how it is to be given and side effects of the drug will help the patient to take drug regularly and a report to the physician . Therapeutic objectives (for example, the desirability of a rapid onset of action, the need for long-term treatment, or restriction of delivery to a local site). 3. This pharmacokinetic effect of route of administration is exemplified by naloxone, a potent opioid antagonist. Intraperitoneal drug therapy: an advantage The peritoneum is a cavity which has been successfully utilized by nephrologists to perform peritoneal dialysis (PD) in patients with renal failure. (2) Dose can be more accurately delivered. 2) Rectal. Pros & Cons of Different Routes of Drug Administration 1. Systemic Routes: It can be classified into two routes; • 1. Eight Rights of Giving Medication . Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Chemotherapy can be administered directly into this space to treat cancers of the abdominal region such as gastric (stomach), appendiceal (appendix), and ovarian. Examples:- 1. The physiologic characteristic of the peritoneal cavity not only helps remove toxic metabolites from the body, but also provides a useful portal of entry in the body for several pharmacological. Transdermal min to hours.   Additives to the drinking water: When additives are placed in the drinking water it is the responsibility of the investigator to monitor the animal(s) and assure that adequate fluid intake occurs. Can be Ineffective. Intrapritoneal liquid is rich on competent cells to active immunity You can repet injection by this route Disavantage : - the adjuvant is not actif in this route Good continuation Cite 1. While this route is an easy to master, quick, suitable for chronic treatments and with low impact of stress on laboratory rodents, there is a common concern that it … The fact that, after s.c. administration, atropine 1. Description. Easy, inexpensive, safe, preferred by patients, Slow time . The United States Food and Drug Administration recognizes 111 distinct routes of administration. Use the manufacturer's recommended route of injection since some drugs may have adverse side effects or cause discomfort if injected via a non‐recommended route. Considerations a. Intraperitoneal (IP) injections should be made into the animal's right abdominal quadrant so as to avoid penetrating the cecum on the left side. The only variable was the route of administration of the cisplatin (intraperitoneal versus intravenous). 3 routes of enteral drug administration. Advantages (1) Drugs get to the site of action more rapidly, providing a rapid response, which may be required in an emergency. It is used in administering aqueous or oleaginous suspensions or solutions. 2. 3-Duration of action: Drugs intended for longer duration of action are given by route when absorption is slow (e.g. Administration by means of an electric current where ions of soluble salts migrate into the tissues of the body. II. The intravenous route of administration bypasses the ab-sorption step, resulting in 100% bioavailability. Rate and extent of absorption from different routes 4. 3. Inhalers 2. The pharmacokinetic properties, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, of a drug are critically influenced by the route of administration. Intraperitoneal: into the peritoneal cavity . 4. In addition, each route has advantages and disadvantages that should be considered depending on the final effect to be achieved, and ultimately the route selected will markedly affect the pharmacokinetics of the substance. In this study, three different MSCs delivery routes, intraperitoneal injection (IP), intravenous injection (IV) and anal injection (AI) were compared on DSS-induced colitis mouse model. Intraperitoneal. Aerosols Local/Topical Route of Drug Administration In this route the drug is applied on the skin Properties of the drug (for example, water or lipid solubility, ionization) 2. Most practitioners feel it is usually safe for baby when narcotics are given to the . Site of desired action 3. Procedure Summary and Goal Describes procedure for the administration of fluids or compounds into the abdominal peritoneal cavity. The volume to be injected should be the lowest volume possible and not exceed the current recommended guidelines (see chart below). Classification of routes of drug administration • A. In this administration the drug is administered in the gaseous form. The factors are: 1. Oral. Oral Drug Use. 2. Advantages: Immediate action takes place This route is preferred in emergency situations This route is preferred for unconscious patients. Subcutaneous The major advantage of the intramuscular route of drug administration is that intramuscular injection is futile if the precise site wherever it's administered isn't conducive to the ready absorption of the drug. Intrathecal route of drug administration is well established in anesthesia and pain management. For chronic pain management, special devices, including pumps, are used. d. Muscarinic receptors are more numerous than nicotinic receptors in the brain. Differences in presystemic elimination are a cause of variation in drug effect between patients. Routes of administration can broadly be divided into: topical: local effect, substance is applied directly where its action is desired ; enteral: desired effect is systemic (non-local), substance is given via the digestive tract ; parenteral: desired effect is systemic, substance is given by other routes than the digestive tract ; The U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Definition: Aroute of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. • Major routes of . This large, randomized, prospective phase III study demonstrated a significant survival advantage for the intraperitoneal group; remarkably, this group also experienced significantly less clinical hearing loss, tinnitus, neutropenia, and . Rapid onset of action due to rapid access to circulation. For systemic effect Advantages are convenience and acceptability. This route is especially common in chronic studies involving mice for which repetitive IV access is challenging. Some drugs may be administered vaginally to women as a solution, tablet, cream, gel, suppository, or ring. Intramuscular < 0.02 - 0.05ml 25 -27 gauge 0.01ml 28 -30 gauge . Over the past decade, a lot of effort has been put both in the academia and clinic in developing IP therapeutic approaches Rate of bioavailability effect. Administration to bathe or flush open wounds or body cavities. For cancers occurring within the abdominal cavity, the advantage of intraperitoneal chemotherapy is the high drug concentration that can be achieved locally with low systemic toxicity. Key points to note. Intraperitoneally applied drug forms are supposed to be located in the peritoneal cavity. These two categories also determine whether or not a drug stays in one area of the body (local effect) or absorbed by the vascular system to be distributed to body tissues (systemic effect). Gastrointestinal route: a) Oral route - This is the most common and easiest route of administration where drugs are given by mouth. Pain not occurs because injection is not used. Administration Routes . 1) Oral. The _____ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier. The benefit of administering drugs intraperitoneally is the ability for the peritoneal cavity to absorb large amounts of a drug quickly. Disadvantages of this route: 1. Procedures: Routes of Administration are Designated as Enteral or Parenteral A. Enteral Or Per Os (By Mouth) Routes Of Administration. 4. 3. Route of administration: drugs given by IV route have a very quick and immediate action ; . Benefits of Oral Route. 2. The drug . The drug concentrations in peritoneal solid cancer tissue and suspended free cancer cells were also significantly higher for a longer time in the intraperitoneal injection group than in the intravenous injection group. Administration . In general, two categories of medication administration exist: parenteral and nonparenteral. Routes of administration: background - The route of administration is defined as the path by which a drug or other substance enters the body. The values of the plasma area under concentration-time curves (AUC) were similar for both administration routes. Intracoelomic Route The intracoelomic route is often reserved for fluid administration in critically ill and dehydrated rep-tiles and amphibians, but other medications may be administered via this route too. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy allows for treatment of tumors confined within the peritoneum, but achieving sustained tumor-localized chemotherapy remains difficult. Higher levels in plasma than in liver would be expected after s.c. injection, since this route obviously ex-cludes the possibility of portal absorption. a. intraperitoneal b. oral c. intravascular d. topical . Routes of drug administration can be classified as . Physical and chemical properties of the drug 2. Although solid-dose forms such as tablets and capsules have a high degree of drug stability and provide accurate dosage, the oral route is problematic because of the unpredictable nature of . For intraperitoneal administration, restrain the mouse with one hand and tilt the head backward to expose the abdomen. Vaginal route. Routes of Drug Administration. Methods Restrain the animal by grasping the skin along its back with your left hand (if right-handed), as shown in picture. Drug- and patient-related factors determine the selection of routes for drug administration. It is convenient route in administering drugs in animals that are difficult to restrain. Classification Routes of administration can broadly be divided into: • Topical: Drugs are applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes, mainly for local action. A variety of therapeutic substances can be delivered by . Intraperitoneal (IP) drug delivery represents an attractive strategy for the local treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). Intraperitoneal administration allows quick reabsorption of large volumes of substances and is the preferred injection route for nonirritant, isotonic solutions [7,11]. reaction. Administration of chemotherapy intraperitoneally is a means of increasing the dose intensity delivered to the tumor and minimizes systemic toxicity, therefore, it is an attractive therapeutic approach. Definition • A route of administration is the path by which a drug or substance is brought into contact with the body. Advantages of the Intravenous Route Immediate effect (suitable for emergencies) Can be given to unconscious patients Avoids first-pass metabolism Achieves predictable and precise control over drug plasma levels compared to other routes Disadvantages of the Intravenous Route Possible anaphylaxis Risk of infection Inconvenient to the patient Painful Parenteral drug administration. Disadvantages 1. Care must be taken to avoid the lung or air sac, which lies in the cranial one half to three fourths of the coelomic cavity, just b. • Oral: used for systemic (non-local) effect, substance . 3. Although widely used as a means of administering substances, particularly injectable anaesthetics, this is an inherently unreliable technique, since inadvertent injection of some material into the gut, abdominal fat and subcutaneous tissues is a relatively frequent occurrence (Steward et al, 1968 1, Gaines Das and North, 2007 2).For this reason, it may be preferable to use . • 2. For anesthesia and acute postoperative pain management, drugs are usually administered by lumbar puncture. Development of drug resistance is a central challenge to the treatment of ovarian cancer. Major drawbacks of parenteral administration are as follows: 1. Parenteral routes of administration include the subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous routes. 1. 1. The drug atropine is used to treat myasthenia gravis. 2-Drug nature: Drugs which are water soluble are to be injected intravenously. Routes of Medication Administration . 5-Desire of the patient. (3) Can be used when alimentary route is not feasible (eg in unconscious pts). Drug reaches the stream of blood immediately having full access to the entire body and hence, rapid action is produced rendering this route to be the most efficient in life-threatening situations. The oral administration route is preferred over the various other administration routes of drug delivery due to the many advantages it exhibits. Advantages of intravenous route of drug administration 1. 3. . In this study, three different MSCs delivery routes, intraperitoneal injection (IP), intravenous injection (IV) and anal injection (AI) were compared on DSS-induced colitis mouse model. Mice & Rats -Subcutaneous Injection (SQ or SC) SQ injections are administered in the space between the skin and the underlying muscles. This route is often used to give estrogen to women during menopause to relieve vaginal symptoms such as dryness, soreness, and redness. Main Advantages; Main Disadvantages; Oral. Site of action of the drug—local or systemic. 3) Sublingual. For anesthesia and acute postoperative pain management, drugs are usually administered by lumbar puncture.